The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square –the cultural heritage sites of the UNESCO
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The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square – are the cultural heritage sites of the UNESCO
Ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, being a masterpiece of world architecture, is a symbol of Russia. Its forming continued for more than 500 years and was influenced by the history of Russian architecture as well as by its link with European cultural tradition. Monuments of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are the best samples of national architectural school. For many centuries the Moscow Kremlin served as great princes', and then tsars' residence, and today it is a residence of the President of the Russian Federation.
Ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, being a masterpiece of world architecture, is a symbol of Russia. Its forming continued for more than 500 years and was influenced by the history of Russian architecture as well as by its link with European cultural tradition. Monuments of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are the best samples of national architectural school. For many centuries the Moscow Kremlin served as great princes', and then tsars' residence, and today it is a residence of the President of the Russian Federation.
Governing Board
Armory Chamber
Archangel Cathedral
Assumption Cathedral
Patriarch's Palace with the Cathedral of Twelve Apostles
Church of the Deposition of Our Lady's Holy Robe
The ensemble of Ivan-the-Great Bell-Tower with Assumption
Belfry and Filaret's Annex
Archangel Cathedral
Assumption Cathedral
Patriarch's Palace with the Cathedral of Twelve Apostles
Church of the Deposition of Our Lady's Holy Robe
The ensemble of Ivan-the-Great Bell-Tower with Assumption
Belfry and Filaret's Annex
Senate
Red Square
Red Square
Wall and Towers
Grand Kremlin Palace
Arsenal
Poteshny (Amusement Palace)
V.I. Lenin Mausoleum (Red Square)
Grand Kremlin Palace
Arsenal
Poteshny (Amusement Palace)
V.I. Lenin Mausoleum (Red Square)
State Historical museum
St. Basil Cathedral
St. Basil Cathedral
The State Moscow Kremlin Museums
Department of Presidential Affairs of the Russian Federation
Federal Security Guard Service of the Russian Federation
The State Historical Museum
GROUNDS FOR THE OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE ↓
Ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square is a masterpiece of human creative genius. Architectural monuments that are part of this ensemble embody the ultimate mastery of Russian and Italian architects. A unique ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin that reflects the evolution of Russian architecture and its link with European cultural tradition continued forming for more than 500 years.
Architectural monuments of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are the best samples of national architectural school; they have no analogues in the world and with their construction new directions of Russian architecture started to develop. The Moscow Kremlin, being the centre and oldest part of Moscow is classified as a cusp settlement, fairly formed in the 12th century.
Its planning structure still can be traced today and reflects the presence of two centres – temporal and spiritual. The Moscow Kremlin, being not only a political but also cultural and spiritual centre of the country, witnessed the most important events of Russian history. Outlook of the unique architectural monuments composing the ensemble of the Kremlin and Red Square found its reflection in the best works of national literature, music and fine arts. For years passed since the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square were included into the UNESCO List of World Heritage in 1990, its historic and cultural value remained the same.
Architectural monuments of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are the best samples of national architectural school; they have no analogues in the world and with their construction new directions of Russian architecture started to develop. The Moscow Kremlin, being the centre and oldest part of Moscow is classified as a cusp settlement, fairly formed in the 12th century.
Its planning structure still can be traced today and reflects the presence of two centres – temporal and spiritual. The Moscow Kremlin, being not only a political but also cultural and spiritual centre of the country, witnessed the most important events of Russian history. Outlook of the unique architectural monuments composing the ensemble of the Kremlin and Red Square found its reflection in the best works of national literature, music and fine arts. For years passed since the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square were included into the UNESCO List of World Heritage in 1990, its historic and cultural value remained the same.
1. Brief synthesis
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the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square is a unique ensemble, a masterpiece of the creative genius of many generations of outstanding masters.
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Monuments of the Kremlin architecture had a great influence not only on the development of architecture and urban planning, applied and decorative arts, but they also became a brilliant model for the works of art of subsequent times.
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The Kremlin, an outstanding sample of buildings typical for its epoch, is a universal value and has no analogues among other outstanding monuments of world culture.
- Since the 13th century the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are inextricably linked to all the most important historical and political events in Russia that have an outstanding universal value.
2. Criteria for including into the WHL
From the date of including the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square on the World Heritage List all the components representing the Outstanding Universal Value of the property are within its boundaries. Within its boundaries, the property still comprises all the elements that it contained at the date of nomination. The territory of the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square has also remained unchanged. In 1997 the boundaries of the heritage protection area as well as the regime of its maintenance were determined.
Authenticity
The history of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square is reflected in the archival documents of 12 – 19 centuries, for example in medieval chronicles, cadastral surveys, estimated construction books, painted lists, inventories, foreign notes and in graphic matters such as manuscripts, chronicles, plans, drafts, engravings, lithographs, sketches of foreign travelers, paintings and photographs. These documents are exceptionally valuable sources of information such as the time when it was built or sanctified, the material it was made of, its architectural peculiarities and composition, customer and constructors, changes in the outlook during the whole time. Comparison of the data received from archival documents and those obtained in the process of field study gives an idea of the authenticity of the property and its different elements.
Authenticity
The history of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square is reflected in the archival documents of 12 – 19 centuries, for example in medieval chronicles, cadastral surveys, estimated construction books, painted lists, inventories, foreign notes and in graphic matters such as manuscripts, chronicles, plans, drafts, engravings, lithographs, sketches of foreign travelers, paintings and photographs. These documents are exceptionally valuable sources of information such as the time when it was built or sanctified, the material it was made of, its architectural peculiarities and composition, customer and constructors, changes in the outlook during the whole time. Comparison of the data received from archival documents and those obtained in the process of field study gives an idea of the authenticity of the property and its different elements.
3. Integrity
LIST OF OBJECTS ↓
The Secret (Tainitskaya) Tower,
The Beklemishev (Moskvoretskaya) Tower, The Annunciation Tower
The 2nd Nameless Tower, The Peter's Tower, The 1st Nameless Tower, The Water Supplying Tower
The Sts. Constantine And Helen Tower, The Borovitskaya Tower
The Saviour (Spasskaya) Tower
The St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Tower, The Senate (Senatskaya) Tower, The Corner Arsenal Tower
The Middle Arsenal Tower, The Armoury (Oruzheinaya) Tower,
The Сommandant Tower,
The Alarm Bell (Nabatnaya) Tower,
The Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower,
The Kutafiya Tower, The Tsar`S (Tsarskaya) Tower
The Beklemishev (Moskvoretskaya) Tower, The Annunciation Tower
The 2nd Nameless Tower, The Peter's Tower, The 1st Nameless Tower, The Water Supplying Tower
The Sts. Constantine And Helen Tower, The Borovitskaya Tower
The Saviour (Spasskaya) Tower
The St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Tower, The Senate (Senatskaya) Tower, The Corner Arsenal Tower
The Middle Arsenal Tower, The Armoury (Oruzheinaya) Tower,
The Сommandant Tower,
The Alarm Bell (Nabatnaya) Tower,
The Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower,
The Kutafiya Tower, The Tsar`S (Tsarskaya) Tower
the Assumption Cathedral, the Annunciation and Archangel Cathedrals, Church of the Deposition of the Virgin's Robe,
'Ivan the Great' Bell Tower,
Patriarch's Palace with the Church of the Twelve Apostles
'Ivan the Great' Bell Tower,
Patriarch's Palace with the Church of the Twelve Apostles
Grand Kremlin Palace
Faceted Chamber
Golden Tsarina's Chamber
Manufactory Chambers
Terem Palace
Faceted Chamber
Golden Tsarina's Chamber
Manufactory Chambers
Terem Palace
The Crucifixion, the Resurrection,
The Nativity of Our Lady,
Lasarus' Resurrection chapel
The Nativity of Our Lady,
Lasarus' Resurrection chapel
Amusement Palace, Arsenal,
Senate
Senate
St. Basil's Cathedral, Mausoleum,
Lobnoye Mesto (place for announcing tsar's decrees),
The State Historical Museum
Lobnoye Mesto (place for announcing tsar's decrees),
The State Historical Museum
Walls and Towers
Ensemble of the Grand Kremlin Palace
Terem Palace's Churches of
The Armoury Chamber
Free-standing Monuments of the Kremlin
The Cathedral Square
Red Square